Ecclesiastes 1:12-6
New Catholic Bible
The Impossible Happiness[a]
12 Much Wisdom, Much Anguish.[b] When I, Qoheleth, ruled as king over Israel in Jerusalem, 13 I applied the wisdom I possessed to study and explore everything that is done under the sun, a thankless task that God has given to men to keep us occupied. 14 I have seen everything that has been done under the sun, and behold, all is vanity and a chase after the wind.[c]
15 What is crooked cannot be made straight,
and what is lacking cannot be counted.
16 I thought to myself, “I have acquired great wisdom, far surpassing all those who preceded me in Jerusalem. My mind has mastered every facet of wisdom and knowledge.” 17 However, as I applied my mind to gain a complete understanding of wisdom and knowledge, madness and folly, I came to realize that this too is a chase after the wind.
18 For much wisdom can result in much sorrow,
and those who increase their knowledge also increase their grief.[d]
Chapter 2
What Good Is It To Be Successful?[e] 1 Then I said to myself, “All right, I will pursue pleasure and the enjoyment of good things.” However, this also proved to be vanity. 2 I regarded laughter as madness and pleasure as vanity. 3 Then, while my mind was guiding me with wisdom, I sought to cheer my body with wine and the pursuit of folly, for I was determined to discover what was the best way for men to spend the few days of their life under the heavens.[f]
4 I undertook grandiose projects. I built houses for myself and planted vineyards. 5 I made for myself gardens and parks and filled them with every kind of fruit tree. 6 I developed pools that would enable me to water my grove of growing trees.
7 I purchased male and female slaves, and slaves were also born in my house. In addition, I had large herds and flocks, far more than any who had preceded me in Jerusalem. 8 I amassed for myself silver and gold and the treasures of kings and provinces. I acquired singers, both male and female, and every possible human luxury.[g] 9 In this way I became great, and I surpassed all my predecessors in Jerusalem, while my wisdom continued to strengthen me.
10 I did not deny my eyes anything that they coveted,
nor did I deprive my heart of any pleasure.
For I found delight in all my labors,
and this was the reward I had for all my efforts.
11 However, once I began to reflect on all that my hands had accomplished
and the effort I had exerted in achieving it,
I again came to the realization that everything was vanity and a chase after the wind,
and that there was nothing to be gained under the sun.
The Wise Man Must Die No Less than the Fool
12 Then my reflections focused on wisdom
as well as madness and folly,
and I came to the realization that whoever succeeds a king can do nothing,
since everything has already been done.
13 I also came to understand that more is to be gained from wisdom than from folly,[h]
just as light is more profitable than darkness.
14 The wise keep their eyes open,
whereas fools walk in darkness.
And yet at the same time I realized
that the same fate befalls them both.
15 Then I thought to myself,
“If the fate of the fool will also be my fate,
then why have I been wise?
In what way do I profit?”
And I came to the conclusion
that this too is vanity.
16 The wise man is remembered no longer than the fool,
because in the days to come both will have been forgotten.
The wise man must die no less than the fool.
17 As a result, I came to hate life,
since I loathe the work that is done under the sun;
for all is vanity and a chase after the wind.
A Chase after the Wind
18 So Many Labors with the Profit Going to Others.[i] Therefore, I have come to hate all my labor and toil under the sun because I now must bequeath its fruits to my successor.[j] 19 And I have no way of knowing in advance whether he will be wise or a fool. Either way, he will be the master of all the fruits of my work for which I toiled and employed my wisdom under the sun. This too is vanity.
20 As a result, I surrendered to feelings of despair concerning all of my labor and toil here under the sun. 21 For even though a man may labor with wisdom and knowledge and skill, he must leave everything he has to be enjoyed by another who has not toiled for it in any way. This also is vanity and a great misfortune.
22 For what does a man gain from all the toil and effort that he has expended under the sun? 23 His days are filled with pain and his labors are filled with stress. Even at night he has no peace of mind. This also is vanity.
24 The Happiness of Simple Things.[k] There is nothing better for a man than to eat and drink and to experience pleasure in his achievements. And I also came to realize that this too comes from God’s hand. 25 For without him who could eat or drink?
26 God gives wisdom and knowledge and joy to those who please him, but to sinners he gives the task of gathering and amassing wealth that is to be given to someone who pleases him. This also is vanity and a chase after the wind.[l]
Chapter 3
A Time for Everything[m]
1 For everything there is a season,
and a time[n] for every activity under heaven.
2 A time to be born, and a time to die;
a time to plant, and a time to uproot what is planted.
3 A time to kill, and a time to heal;
a time to tear down, and a time to build up.
4 A time to weep, and a time to laugh;
a time to mourn, and a time to dance.
5 A time to scatter stones, and a time to gather them;
a time to embrace, and a time to refrain from embracing.
6 A time to seek, and a time to lose;
a time to keep, and a time to discard.
7 A time to tear, and a time to mend;
a time to be silent, and a time to speak.
8 A time to love, and a time to hate:
a time for war, and a time for peace.
9 What gain does the worker have from his toil? 10 I have observed the tasks that God has designated to keep men occupied. 11 He has made everything suitable for its time, and he has given men a sense of past and future,[o] but they never have the slightest comprehension of what God has wrought from beginning to end.
12 I understand that man’s greatest happiness is to be glad and do well throughout his life. 13 And when we eat and drink and find satisfaction in all our labors, this is a gift of God.
14 I know that whatever God does endures forever; nothing can be added to it or subtracted from it. God has done this so that everyone will be in awe standing in his presence.
15 Whatever is now has already been,
that which is to come already is,
and God will restore whatever might be displaced.
16 The Problem of Retribution.[p] Moreover, I observed something else under the sun:
Where justice should be, there was wickedness,
and iniquity was in the place of righteousness.
17 But I remained confident in my belief
that God will judge both the righteous and the wicked,
for he has appointed a time for every matter
and he will issue a judgment on every work.
18 I said to myself that in dealing with men it is God’s purpose to test them in order to show them that they are animals. 19 For the fate of men and beasts is identical: as the one dies, so does the other. They all have the same life-breath, and man has no advantage over the beast in this regard. For everything is vanity. 20 All go to the same place: all were made from the dust, and to the dust all will return.
21 Who knows whether the human spirit goes upward and the spirit of an animal goes downward to the earth?[q] 22 And so I came to realize that there is nothing better for man than to enjoy his work, since that is his lot. No one has the power to let him see what will happen after he is gone.
Chapter 4
The Victor and the Tyrant. 1 Then I contemplated all the acts of oppression that are committed under the sun:
I saw the tears of the oppressed,
with no one present to comfort them.
Power was wielded by their oppressors,
and no one was there to comfort them.
2 As a result, I regarded the dead as fortunate,
because they had already died
and thus were happier than the living
who were still alive.
3 But happier than both of these
is the one yet unborn
who has not witnessed the evil deeds
that are done under the sun.
Concurrence of Toil and Envy.[r] 4 Then I came to realize that all toil and skill in work derive from one person’s envy of another. This also is vanity and a chase after the wind.
5 The fool folds his arms
and consumes his own flesh.[s]
6 Better is one handful with peace of mind
than two handfuls with toil
and a chase after the wind.
Union Builds Strength. 7 Again I observed vanity under the sun:
8 There was a solitary individual,
without a friend, with neither a son nor a brother.
Yet there was no end to his toil,
and wealth did not satisfy his greed.
“For whom am I toiling,” he asked,
“and depriving myself of pleasures?”
This also is vanity
and a worthless task.
9 Two are better than one:
they earn a far greater reward for their toil.
10 And if one should fall,
his companion will help him up.
How pathetic is the man who is alone and falls
and has no one to assist him to his feet.
11 In the same way, if two sleep together, they keep warm,
but how can one who sleeps by himself keep warm?
12 And where a single man can be overcome,
two together will be able to resist.
A cord with three strands is not easily broken.
13 Deception of Political Regimes.[t] Better is a poor but wise youth than an old and foolish king who will no longer take advice. 14 One can emerge from prison to be crowned as a king, even though he was born in poverty in that kingdom.
15 And I observed all those who live and move under the sun willingly give their support to that young man who succeeded the king.[u] 16 There was a mass of people beyond counting over whom he reigned. And yet those who succeed him will not venerate his memory. This also is vanity and a chase after the wind.
17 The Religious Illusion. Be circumspect when you visit the house of God. Drawing near to listen is far better than the offering of a sacrifice by fools, for fools do not know how to avoid doing wrong.
Chapter 5
1 Never be in a hurry to speak
or hastily make a promise to God,
for God is in heaven
and you are on earth;
therefore, let your words be few.
2 As dreams come when there are many cares,
so does the speech of a fool when there are many words.[v]
3 When you make a vow[w] to God, do not delay in fulfilling it, for God has no pleasure in fools. Fulfill the vow you have made. 4 It is preferable not to make a vow than to make it and fail to fulfill it.
5 Do not allow your mouth to lead you into sin and then plead before God’s messenger[x] that it was all a mistake. Otherwise God will become angered at your words and destroy the work of your hands. 6 A profusion of dreams leads to excessive vanity. Therefore, fear God.
Under the Pretext of General Interests. 7 If in some part of the realm you witness the oppression of the poor and the violation of rights and justice, do not be surprised; for every high official is supervised by one who is higher in rank, and the one who has the highest rank keeps watch over them all. 8 A country is best served when a king is in charge of the fertile fields.[y]
Money: An Insatiable Desire
9 One who is covetous will never be satisfied with money,
nor will the lover of wealth be content with gain.
This too is vanity.
10 When riches increase,
so do those who are eager to accumulate them,
and those who have accumulated them must remain content
simply to feast their eyes on them.
11 Sleep is sweet to the laborer,
whether he has much or little to eat,
but the vast riches of a wealthy man
do not allow him to sleep.
12 There is a grievous evil that I have seen under the sun:
Riches are hoarded by their owner to his disadvantage,
13 or riches are lost by some misfortune,
so that he has nothing remaining to leave to his son.
14 Just as he came forth naked from his mother’s womb,
so shall he depart, naked as he came,
with nothing remaining from his labor
that he can carry away in his hands.
15 This too is a grievous evil:
Just as he came, so must he go,
and what profit can he have after toiling for the wind?
16 All of his days are spent in darkness
with great anxiety, sickness, and resentment.
17 The Happiness Suitable for Humans. This is the conclusion I have reached: it is fitting for a man to eat and drink and find satisfaction in the results of his labors under the sun during the brief span of life that God has allotted him. 18 Moreover, the one to whom God grants wealth and possessions and the ability to enjoy them and to find contentment in his toil receives a gift from God. 19 For it is unlikely that he will brood about the passing years inasmuch as God keeps his heart filled with joy.[z]
Chapter 6
The Impossible Profit.[aa] 1 There is another evil that I have seen under the sun, and it weighs heavily on the human race. 2 God may grant a man wealth, prosperity, and honor so that he lacks none of the things he desires. However, if God does not enable him to enjoy these gifts but rather allows someone else to revel in their benefits, this is vanity and a grievous ill.
3 A man may father a hundred children and live for many years, but no matter how many his days may be, if he does not have the opportunity to enjoy the good things of life and in the end receives no burial, I maintain that a stillborn child is more fortunate than he.[ab]
4 For that child came in vain and departed in darkness, and in darkness will his name be enveloped. 5 Moreover, it has never seen the sun or known anything, yet its state is better than his. 6 It could live a thousand years twice over and experience no enjoyment, yet both will go to the same place.[ac]
7 All man’s toil is for the mouth,
yet his appetite is never satisfied.
8 For what advantage does the wise man have
over the fool,
or what advantage do the poor have
in knowing how to conduct themselves in life?
9 What the eye sees is better
than what desire craves.
This also is vanity
and a chase after the wind.
What a Human Being Is: Conclusion to Part I
10 Whatever exists was given its name long ago,
and the nature of man is known,
as well as the fact that he cannot contend
with one who is stronger than he.[ad]
11 The more words we speak,
the more our vanity increases,
so what advantage do we gain?
12 For who knows what is good for a man while he lives the few days of his vain life, through which he passes like a shadow? Who can tell him what will happen here afterward under the sun?
Footnotes
- Ecclesiastes 1:12 Here is a very unusual interpretation of the success of the great King Solomon. It shows that the current wisdom has been surpassed, namely the wisdom that appeases the torment of people while they await success as a reward for virtue. The ancient ideas about recompense no longer hold, which was a dramatic discovery for Job.
- Ecclesiastes 1:12 Using the first person and speaking as Solomon (use of the third person returns only in the conclusion: Eccl 12:9-14), the author shows that both human endeavor (vv. 12-15; see 2:1-11) and the quest for human wisdom (vv. 16-18; see 2:12-17) are vanity.
- Ecclesiastes 1:14 A chase after the wind: an image of futility, useless effort, and waste of time (see Hos 12:2). The author uses the phrase eight more times in the first half of the Book: v. 17; 2:11, 17, 26; 4:4, 6, 16; 6:9.
- Ecclesiastes 1:18 The author has found that what is wisdom in theory is not so in practice and vice versa.
- Ecclesiastes 2:1 Here is a complete experience of life. Nothing is lacking to Qoheleth, neither free spontaneity, nor the rapture of joys and pleasures, nor wisdom itself. He enjoys the best of relationships, and his goods superabound.
- Ecclesiastes 2:3 Under the guidance of wisdom, the author tries all manner of things to discover what is good and worthwhile for himself—i.e., what leads to happiness.
- Ecclesiastes 2:8 And every possible human luxury: the meaning of the Hebrew here is uncertain. Other possible translations are: “and delights of the heart, and many concubines.” All this is in keeping with the reputation of Solomon, who is said to have acquired seven hundred wives and three hundred concubines (1 Ki 11:3).
- Ecclesiastes 2:13 More is to be gained from wisdom than from folly: it is better to be wise, just as to walk in light is better than walking in darkness. However, as far as death is concerned, both the wise believer and the foolish unbeliever meet the same fate (see Ps 49:11).
- Ecclesiastes 2:18 One day the best of our efforts will slip out of our hands, and we will lose all control over and use of them. Hence, a radical insecurity and disquietude weigh upon our human condition.
- Ecclesiastes 2:18 Bequeath its fruits to my successor: see verse 21; Ps 39:7; Lk 12:20.
- Ecclesiastes 2:24 The acknowledgment that life is a gift frees us from the deception of time that flies, and this happiness suffices for the ancient sages; Qoheleth is appreciative of this simple happiness, for he knows that true happiness is found only in acknowledging and revering God (Eccl 12:13).
- Ecclesiastes 2:26 Qoheleth finds fault with the teaching of the sages concerning the problem of the wicked who prosper (see Job 27:16-17; Prov 11:8; 13:22). For him, this teaching about divine justice does not seem to be borne out by facts.
- Ecclesiastes 3:1 Our mortality is neither chastisement nor recompense but only the mystery of the human condition. We participate better in God’s creation when we accept each moment as a gift.
- Ecclesiastes 3:1 Time: which is appointed by God (see Ps 31:16; Prov 16:1-9).
- Ecclesiastes 3:11 Given . . . a sense of past and future: or “has set eternity in their heart.”
- Ecclesiastes 3:16 By themselves human beings cannot decide anything about the last fate of the just and the unjust except that all must entrust themselves to God. Once again, only the present is accessible to human vision, and all the rest is a mystery.
- Ecclesiastes 3:21 Qoheleth expresses doubt about the final state of the human spirit, but by the end of the Book it is resolved: “the spirit returns to God who gave it” (Eccl 12:7). The answer was revealed gradually (see Pss 16:9-11; 49:16; 73:23-26; Isa 26:19; Dan 12:2-3) and fully revealed by Jesus who “abolished death and brought life and immortality to light through the gospel” (2 Tim 1:10).
- Ecclesiastes 4:4 Certainly labor and success would merit our praise if the desire to possess would not introduce the poison of jealousy therein. Observe how the two sayings in verses 5-6 are contradictory; the first was undoubtedly inserted later on by a scrupulous scribe.
- Ecclesiastes 4:5 Consumes his own flesh: i.e., refuses to work, thus going hungry and bringing on ill health (see Eccl 10:18; Prov 6:6-11; 24:30-34).
- Ecclesiastes 4:13 A government becomes entrenched in solitude, and it must be stripped of power through sedition. The history of Israel gives us nothing but too many examples of the terrible temptations of power.
- Ecclesiastes 4:15 Even a ruler is scarcely remembered after he has died.
- Ecclesiastes 5:2 Many words: probably refers to the offering of rash vows to God (see v. 6).
- Ecclesiastes 5:3 Vow: see Deut 23:21-23; 1 Sam 1:11, 24-28. Fools: persons who refuse to learn (see Prov 1:20-27).
- Ecclesiastes 5:5 Messenger: i.e., the priest. An allusion to sins committed or vows uttered inadvertently (see Lev 4:2, 22, 27; Num 15:22, 29).
- Ecclesiastes 5:8 The translation and meaning of this verse are much debated.
- Ecclesiastes 5:19 See note on Eccl 2:24-26.
- Ecclesiastes 6:1 The desire to possess does away with any chance of really living, for no one is certain of hanging on to his goods, as is illustrated by three portraits. Not even sages possess security.
- Ecclesiastes 6:3 Many children, a long life, and a proper burial were what constituted true riches. To be without any of these was a disgrace.
- Ecclesiastes 6:6 Same place: i.e., the grave. Qoheleth is still speaking about what humans can observe; they see both the good and the evil die, but they do not see what happens to each of them (see v. 12; 3:21).
- Ecclesiastes 6:10 One who is stronger than he: i.e., God.
